The Drones of ISIS

Grenade launchers, kamikaze bombers, flying decoys, eyes-in-the-sky, and soapbox-derby dinosaurs: as the Islamic State group loses neighborhood after Mosul neighborhood, it is still dispatching a wide variety of UAVs on deadly missions.

“Over the last two months, coalition forces have observed about one adversary drone every day around Mosul,” a U.S. Central Command official told Defense One .

And they’re stepping up efforts to counter it: coalition aircraft have hit ISIS-made drones, launch sites, or production facilities in Iraq and Syria every day since Jan. 7, including four strikes west of Mosul on Jan. 10 alone, according to CENTCOM releases.

“The Coalition has struck a number of what we believed to be unmanned aerial vehicle facilities in Mosul,” the official said. “We spend considerable time researching and developing target lists to ensure maximum effects against” ISIS.

It’s not a new concern; in August 2015 , coalition forces hit an ISIS drone in Ramadi. But social-media posts and independent reporting from the Mosul war zone are helping to bring the wide variety of ISIS drones to light.

Grenade-dropping drones

On Jan. 4, coalition forces hit a UAV factory — and Iraqi special forces found themselves shooting at grenade-launching and mortar-dropping drones in southeast Mosul, downing one that looks like soapbox-derby material.

#Iraq Federal Police Units shot down 3 #ISIS UAVs that were dropped "grenade & mortars" on forces in Al-Wahda SE #Mosul . pic.twitter.com/rh2kYihGi0

— Iraqi Day (@iraqi_day) January 4, 2017

Three days later, Kurdish Rudaw news captured footage (look around the 2:15 mark) of Iraqi troops fending off ISIS-made drone bombers in central Mosul, near the city’s fourth bridge over the Tigris River. The drones, possibly quadcopters, reportedly dropped at least 10 explosives during an hour of fighting. (For what it’s worth, ISIS isn’t the first to use this tactic in Syria; Hezbollah seized headlines with a similar strike on rebels near Aleppo last August.)

Quadcopters

ISIS dispatches several kinds of drones easily acquired online, but “primarily uses quadcopters,” CENTCOM said, “for surveillance and to drop explosives on friendly forces.”

Here’s a pretty close look at one recently picked off by Iraqi special forces inside Mosul. It’s not too dissimilar from this Chinese-made DJI Phantom drone, dubbed “the Model T” of the civilian drone industry, the Wall Street Journal wrote in 2014.

#ISIS drone modified to drop small explosives like rifle grenades.

A photo posted by Mitch Utterback (@mitchell.utterback) on Jan 7, 2017 at 11:55pm PST

Here's another good angle from Rudaw News:

Nice shot of the improvised release mechanism ISIL is using to drop grenades from commercial off the shelf UAVs https://t.co/Lj8Ltx0arQ pic.twitter.com/KCuzhUbndb

— Alex Mello (@AlexMello02) January 11, 2017

More surveillance quadcopters, reportedly captured by Iraqi Rapid Response Units in Mosul on Jan. 4:

And here are three images CENTCOM shared with Defense One showing other quadcopter drones captured by Iraqi forces, date and location unknown:

Kamikaze bombers

In October, the Syrian army reportedly downed ISIS drones toting RPG warheads in Deir ez-Zour, Syria. Here are a few more pics, via Twitter:

ISIS is using PG-7 HEAT warheads for its air VBIED, its kill area must be relatively small but it can destroy a tank from the top pic.twitter.com/7nyTpaq5vn

— Mister X (@MinsterTX) December 10, 2016

Daesh suicide drone downed by the Syrian Army in Deir Ez Zor today (09/12/2016) pic.twitter.com/lmXYfSyy3L

— M Green (@MmaGreen) December 9, 2016

Decoy IEDs

In early October, an ISIS drone appeared to have crash-landed near a Peshmerga position outside Mosul. But when the Pesh took it apart, the “battery pack” — an IED in disguise — suddenly detonated. Two Peshmerga troops died and two French special operators were injured in the attack, “believed to be one of the first times the Islamic State has successfully used a drone with explosives to kill troops on the battlefield,” the New York Times reported .

Desert surveillance

Here’s one of the group’s larger UAVs, reportedly shot down west of Mosul by Popular Mobilization Units in late November.

#Iraq #PMU shot down a #ISIS UAV over um Nakhila village west #Mosul . #ام_الربيعين_تجمعنا pic.twitter.com/j3SYfczlqW

— Iraqi Day (@iraqi_day) November 25, 2016

A similar drone recovered by the PMU near the airport in Tal Afar in mid-November.

In video #Iraq #PMU Hashad Shaabi shot down a #ISIS UAV the dropped bombs on Tal Afar airbase west #Mosul . #جاري_تحميل_الانتصارات pic.twitter.com/lxqFlDke04

— Iraqi Day (@iraqi_day) November 17, 2016

Both resemble this surveillance aircraft the PMU also claimed to have shot down south of Mosul back in April.

Shabak Brigade within Shia led Hashd shot down Daesh 'surveillance' UAV south of Mosul #Iraq pic.twitter.com/dK7T0BdZJB

— Iraq Live Update (@IraqLiveUpdate) April 30, 2016

It also resembles a UAV used by Kurdish Peshmerga troops on the first day of the Mosul offensive.

Kurdish Pêşmerga Forces prepare a UAV for use against ISIS terrorists today in the #Mosul offensive. pic.twitter.com/yP5Q3tH6QU

— Dr Partizan (@Dr_Partizan) October 17, 2016

How to kill a drone

A U.S. military official who recently returned from Iraq offered a bit more detail on the ISIS drones.

“Most of what they have is very primitive, bought from hobby shops, modified,” this official said. “They’re also shot down quite a bit. The Peshmerga and [Iraqi security forces] love shooting at those things.”

Read more: Weapons of the Syrian War: An Animated Overview

“The regional joke is the Iraqi forces are defending themselves as if they’re at a wedding,” said Peter Singer, an analyst with the New America Foundation. (See, for example, the Rudaw clip .) “You see them blasting AK-47s into the air like they do at weddings. That’s not optimal.”

U.S. officials are pursuing a few options for defeating improvised, weaponized drones. Defense One ’s Patrick Tucker has reported on precision cameras, drones that detect drones , and “a directed-energy weapon that can disrupt a drone’s control link and GPS navigation at a distance of 400 meters.”

The DroneDefender gun (image via manufacturer Battelle)

The U.S. military has also taken to flying EC-130H aircraft “jamming the radio signals used by insurgents to trigger bombs on the ground,” Vice News reported in November.

It’s not enough, Singer said.

“The drone defender gun is not part of the regular kit,” he said. Soldiers are “going to face this potential threat across the world, in anything from battles to doing an embassy evacuation. And that’s not good. We should have seen this coming and developed a plan and equipment, not just for us, but for allied forces.”

Indeed, the problem of how to counter drones in the hands of extremists is at least two decades old. One wakeup call was “when the Japanese apocalyptic group Aum Shinrikyo considered using a drone to distribute sarin gas,” according to an October report from the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point:

Besides Hezbollah, the Islamic State, and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, no other terror groups or terror-linked individual are believed to have successfully used a weaponized UAS to date in an operation The Islamic State, at the time of writing, appears to be the only group that has used a weaponized drone to kill. HAMAS has also reportedly flown a weaponized drone, but it has yet to succeed in using a UAS in a lethal way as part of an attack.

The problem is unlikely to go away for many years to come, the authors write.

“Future off-the-shelf drones will be able to carry heavier payloads, fly and loiter longer, venture farther from their controller and be able to do so via more-secure communications links,” they warn.

Brace yourself; the skies are about to get crowded .